According to it , the passage divides the cases into three types : violation complains , non - violation complains and situation complains . the legal presumption of benefits nullification or impairment is the key concept in the violation cases 法律推定利益的喪失或損害,是構(gòu)成“違反之訴”的最基本概念,義務(wù)的違反構(gòu)成了利益的喪失或損害的初步證據(jù)。